Russian Ussr
Uncategorized April 3rd. 2009, 3:41pmRussian Ussr
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 Rare Russian USSR camera FED 2 jupiter 8 2 50 627  US $39.99
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 FED 3 Rar Russian Vintage 35mm Camera USSR rangefinder Industar 61 US $69.99
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 FED 1 NKVD USSR CCCP Russian M39 GULAG LEICA II camera 433 US $179.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA SMENA 8M WITH BOX A105 US $19.50
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 RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA ZORKI 1950 YEAR US $120.00
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 RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA MOSKVA 6 9 US $120.00
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 Russian USSR LENS CAP Camera Silhouette ElectricOrion US $1.99
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 RARE ZORKI 1 Russian Leica II 35mm BODY Rangefinder camera USSR US $59.99
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 ZENIT ET LENS HELIOS 44M CASE Russian Vintage Rare SLR 35mm Camera USSR US $79.99
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 FED 5V VINTAGE RUSSIAN USSR RF 35MM CAMERA copy LEICA US $34.99
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 Smena 8m Russian Vintage Rare LOMO Compact 35mm Camera USSR US $59.99
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 LUBITEL 166B Russian Soviet USSR TLR Medium Format 6x6 LOMO Camera US $49.99
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 SOKOL 2 Russian Automatic Film Camera LOMO with INDUSTAR 70 Good Condition USSR US $25.00
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 VILIA AVTO lens T 69 3 4 40 LOMO CASE Russian Vintage Rare 35mm Camera USSR US $29.99
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 SMENA 6 LOMO VINTAGE USSR RUSSIAN 35MM SCALE PHOTO CAMERA US $19.99
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 LUBITEL 166 UNIVERSAL Russian Soviet USSR TLR Medium Format 6x6 LOMO Camera 51 US $84.99
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 Rare Russian USSR camera KIEV 303 16mm lens industar M BOX583 US $19.99
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 Rare Russian USSR camera FED 2 lens I 26m 28 52 489 US $39.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA FED 3 WITHOUT LENS A379 US $24.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA SMENA A256 US $34.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA LUBITEL 166B A510 US $56.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA LUBITEL 166 UNIVERSAL A385 US $54.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA ZENIT 11 LENS HELIOS 44M A253 US $54.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA ZENIT ET A251 US $59.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA KIEV 30 A109 US $19.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA SMENA 35 932 US $26.50
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 RARE USSR RUSSIAN CAMERA LOMO COMPACT AUTOMAT LC A A544 US $149.99
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 FED 1 Russian Soviet USSR Leica Copy Rangefinder 35mm Camera BODY ONLY M39 US $39.99
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 FED 5V B Russian Soviet Camera 35mm Rangefinder USSR US $57.99
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 Soviet Russian ETUDE 2C 35mm slide progector projector BRAND NEW USSR US $24.99
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 USSR SOVIET CAMERA RUSSIAN ZENIT E HELIOS 44 2 2 58 US $59.99
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 Russian vintage FED 3 Leica copy 35mm rangefinder USSR US $24.99
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 ELIKON 35 russian camera BeLOMO USSR Excellent US $24.99
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 Rare Type LUBITEL 166 TLR Russian Soviet USSR Medium Format 6x6 LOMO Camera US $59.99
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 Rare FED 3 Leica Copy Russian Soviet USSR Film 35mm Camera Body Excellent Case US $28.00
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA KIEV 30 US $49.99
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA KIEV 19M US $79.99
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 USSR Russian camera ZORKI ЗОРКИЙ №221671 copy LEICA US $149.99
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 ZORKI 2C Russian Leica copy 35 mm USSR INDUSTAR 50 US $54.99
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 USSR Russian Soviet Medium CAMERA LUBITEL 166 B V Rare Twin Lens 6x6 US $64.99
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 VILIA USSR Russian 35mm BeLOMO Camera 0442116 EXC US $24.99
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 FED 3 RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA Lens Industar 61 US $23.15
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 LOMO LC A Russian camera Lomography Soviet USSR with batterry US $104.00
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 SMENA 6 RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA Lens T 43 US $19.15
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 LUBITEL 166B Russian Soviet USSR TLR Medium Format 6x6 LOMO Camera 50 US $49.99
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 LUBITEL 166B Russian Soviet USSR TLR Medium Format 6x6 LOMO Camera 49 US $49.99
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 LUBITEL 166B Russian Soviet USSR TLR Medium Format 6x6 LOMO Camera 48 US $49.99
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 LUBITEL 166B Russian Soviet USSR TLR Medium Format 6x6 LOMO Camera 23 US $54.99
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 NEW Kiev 88CM SOVIET RUSSIA RUSSIAN UKRAINIAN UKRAINE USSR Camera Lens US $444.44
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 Russian USSR camera SOKOL lens industar 70 28 50 189 US $29.99
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 Russian camera ZORKI C lens Industar 50 USSR 197 US $44.97
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 Russian camera FED 5B lens I 61LD 28 55 USSR d869 US $24.96
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 Russian USSR camera ZORKI 5 lens industar 61 222 US $39.99
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 FED 5B Russian camera lens I 61LD 28 55 USSR d880 US $24.91
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 Russian USSR camera FED 50 lens industar 81 28 38 515 US $24.99
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 Russian USSR SPY mini camera KIEV 30 lens industar M US $14.99
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 LUBITEL 166 UNIVERSAL Russian Soviet USSR TLR Medium Format 6x6 LOMO Camera 45 US $69.99
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 KIEV 30 Submini 110 Russian USSR KGB SPY 16mm camera EX US $50.00
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 FED 1 RUSSIAN CAMERA NKVD CCCP SOVIET USSR HOLDER » US $290.00
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 RARE USSR RUSSIAN CAMERA ZENIT 12XP LENS HELIOS 2 58 US $132.00
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 Vintage LOMO SMENA 2 SOVIET RUSSIAN CAMERA 35mm USSR US $24.99
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 SOVIET RUSSIAN LEICA COPY CAMERA FED 5B INDUSTAR 61LD WITH BOXUSSR TUNING US $.99
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 Russian Soviet Medium 6x6 GOMZ Camera Sputnik Stereo Rare Ussr US $164.99
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 Vintage LOMO SMENA SIMBOL SYMBOL SOVIET RUSSIAN CAMERA 35mm USSR US $16.99
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 Smena 8m Russian Vintage LOMO Compact 35mm Camera USSR US $99.99
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 FED 2 d Russian USSR Leica copy rangefinder camera original leather case US $40.00
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 Vintage Old Smena 8M Camera Lomo Russian USSR US $30.00
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 FED 3 VINTAGE USSR RUSSIAN RANGEFINDER 35MM CAMERA with MANUAL and BOX US $24.99
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 ZENIT 4 VINTAGE USSR RUSSIAN SLR 35MM copy CONTAFLEX CAMERA for REPAIRING US $99.99
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 ZENIT 3M Vintage USSR Russian 35mm SLR Camera Boxed EXC US $75.00
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 RARE RUSSIAN USSR FILM CAMERA QUARZ 18c 2 US $149.99
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 Vintage LOMO SMENA 8 SOVIET RUSSIAN CAMERA 35mm USSR US $14.99
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 FED 3 Rar Russian Vintage 35mm Camera USSR rangefinder Industar 61 US $79.99
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 JUNOST LOMO GOMZ Russian USSR RARE camera 35 mm US $134.99
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 RUSSIAN USSR VINTAGE SMENA 8M CAMERA BOX DOCUMENT US $91.00
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 Vintage LOMO SMENA SIMBOL SYMBOL SOVIET RUSSIAN CAMERA 35mm USSR box manual US $28.99
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 VINTAGE EARLY RUSSIAN FED 1 TYPE G2 CAMERA SOVIET USSR CCCP RUSSIA 107614 SEE » US $378.00
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 ORION EE Vintage USSR Russian 35mm BeLOMO camera Boxed EXC US $24.99
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 Rare USSR russian camera Zenit E with case US $29.99
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 RARE Camera Lomo Compact Automat Soviet Russian LC A Famous LOMOGRAPHY USSR US $119.00
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 Vintage LOMO SMENA 8 SOVIET RUSSIAN CAMERA 35mm USSR US $14.99
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 FED 50 USSR RUSSIAN Compact Automat 35mm Film camera Full Complect US $20.99
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 VINTAGE USSR RUSSIAN GOLD 35MM RF CAMERA LEICA II KREIGSMARINE WW2 EXCELLENT US $169.99
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 EXCELLENT VINTAGE USSR RUSSIAN RF 35MM GOLD CAMERA LEICA II KREIGSMARINE WW2 US $169.99
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 VINTAGE RUSSIAN USSR GOLD 35MM RF CAMERA LEICA II KREIGSMARINE WW2 EXCELLENT US $169.99
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 ZENITH C Russian SLR Camera Rare Export model to UK INDUSTAR 22 35mm USSR US $124.99
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 VINTAGE RUSSIAN USSR 35MM GOLD CAMERA LEICA II KM KREIGSMARINE WW2 EXCELLENT US $169.99
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 VINTAGE USSR RUSSIAN GOLD 35MM CAMERA LEICA II KM KREIGSMARINE WW2 EXCELLENT US $169.99
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 ZORKI 6 Russian Logo LEICA COPY Industar 50 35 50 35mm Camera Rangefinder USSR US $54.49
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 MIR Russian LEICA COPY Industar 50 35 50 35mm Camera Rangefinder USSR US $44.49
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 FED 3 TYPE A Russian LEICA COPY Industar 61 28 52 35mm Camera Rangefinder USSR US $39.99
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 ZORKI 4 Russian Leica copy 35mm INDUSTAR 50 35 50 USSR US $49.99
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 ZORKI 5 INDUSTAR 50 35 50 Russian Leica copy 35mm USSR US $44.99
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 VINTAGE USSR RUSSIAN 35MM RANGEFINDER AUTOMATIC CAMERA FED 50 with MANUAL BOX US $29.99
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 SMENA 8M T43 4 40 RUSSIAN Compact Camera LOMO LOMOGRAPHY USSR SOVIET 35mm US $39.99
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 ZENIT EM Vintage USSR Russian 35mm SLR Camera EXC US $49.99
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 LENINGRAD GOMZ LOMO VINTAGE 1962 USSR RUSSIAN 35MM Spring Motor drives CAMERA US $69.99
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 LENINGRAD LOMO GOMZ VINTAGE 1960 USSR RUSSIAN 35MM Spring Motor drives CAMERA US $49.99
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 LENINGRAD GOMZ LOMO VINTAGE 1961 USSR RUSSIAN 35MM Spring Motor drives CAMERA US $69.99
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 LENINGRAD GOMZ LOMO VINTAGE 1960 USSR RUSSIAN 35MM Spring Motor drives CAMERA US $69.99
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CrossTalk: Yeltsin's Russia
Chess in USSR - Soviet Rules From 1948 to 1972
Alexander Petrov (1797 - 1867) explained how his grand father, the senator I. Sokolov from Saint Petersburg, was playing chess every day from 4 PM to 10 PM. But there weren't many tournaments at the time and people from Saint Petersburg were studying the game through the book of the french player Philidor, L'Analyse des Échecs. The first Russian chess club was founded in Saint Petersburg March 27, 1853.
Even if players like Jaenisch (1813 - 1872) or Urussoff (1827 - 1897), through their work, helped chess to evolve in Russia, the greatest propagandist was Mikhaïl Chigorine (1850 - 1908). He wrote, already in 1885: "Chess, like any other arts, demands a public life and a stream of talents. No art can exist if it is closed to the people".
Right after the revolution, an almost military organization took care of the teaching of chess, which was seen as an essential element of the "popular education". Under the direction of Nikolaï Krylenko (a People's Commissar for Justice who was close to Lenine), chess clubs were founded everywhere: in factories, in kolkhozy and, especially, in the "Young Pioneer Palaces". The Young Pioneer Palaces were youth centres for the creative work and sport training of Young Pioneers and other schoolchildren. Trainers were designed to find and teach new talents. USSR first championship was in 1920 and was won by Alexander Alekhine before he moved to the West. Before the war, there were already more than one million players registered in clubs.
In the 1930's, Russian players were often coming to the West to participate in tournaments. Their leader was without a doubt Mikhaïl Botvinnik. He imposed himself as a great player, not only by his results, but by his methodic and scientific angle on the game. He was a communist, a worker, so he was a model to be followed. The FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation) organized a world's championship in 1946 after the death of the champion of the time, Alexander Alekhine. Mikhaïl Botvinnik became the new champion. It was the beginning of a 24 year long reign.
The 24 following years, there was an ongoing fight for the title among Russians. Botvinnik, Smyslov, Tal, Petrossian and then Spassky held the title in USSR. Then came September 4th, 1972. A black day for USSR when Spassky, in the middle of the cold war, lost his title to Bobby Fischer. The Russian was then disgraced and not authorized to travel out of the country. Only because he won the title back the year after, he was again authorized to participate to international tournaments.
In 1990, right before the USSR disappeared, there were more than five million registered players.
Aside from all these world champions, the result that illustrates the domination of the USSR best is the Chess Olympiad, that is a biennial chess tournament in which teams from all over the world compete against each other. Since the first time when they participated, in 1952, USSR won every time except twice: in 1976, because USSR didn't want to go to Israel (Haifa), where the olympiad was held, and in 1978 where Hungary won the first place after a tie with USSR.
About the Author
Psychotherapist and hypnotherapist with many passions: Chess, computers, Age of Conan (played WoW for almost 2 years but dropped out at Cataclysm), drawing, music (I play the guitar and drums), languages, travels, art, religion and philosophy, photography, movies... Many many many sides of life.
Did Stalin help unite USSR and create a single russian identity?
Did Stalin help unite USSR in any way, even if he did not mean to, whether through economic or social means or any other way? Did the Party create a single Russian identity among all nations within the USSR? If so how?
Stalin did contribute to unifying the USSR to some degree by eliminating the leadership of most ethnic groups and the merciless slaughter of small farmers. Leaderless groups were more easily absorbed into the nation, and farm land was freed up for collectivization.
Obviously, the Party failed in its attempt to lastingly unify the nation because as soon as the USSR weakened, a host of nationalities immediately sought to become independent nations.
Likewise, nations held together under Soviet hegemony fell apart as Czechoslovakia split in two and Yugoslavis into several parts.
